Deepfake Disinformation By Political Buzzers: Analysis Of The Implications For Civil Liberties In The “Ibu Jilbab Pink” Case
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v10i2.211Keywords:
Deepfake Disinformation, Political Buzzers, Civil Liberties, Digital Public SphereAbstract
The increasing sophistication of digital media manipulation has intensified the spread of political disinformation, creating new challenges for civil liberties in digital public spaces. This study aims to analyze the implications of the “Pink Hijab Mother” (Ibu Jilbab Pink) deepfake disinformation disseminated by political buzzers on Instagram during the August–September 2025 movement on citizens’ civil liberties. Using a qualitative approach, this research combines netnographic observation of Instagram content with in-depth interviews involving experts in digital democracy, media governance, communication, and civil society activism. The analysis identified 15 Instagram posts that were classified into three dominant narrative constructions: symbolic delegitimization, identity delegitimization, and public polarization. The findings reveal that political buzzers systematically utilized deepfake-based disinformation not only to damage the reputation of an individual figure but also to undermine the symbolic meaning of collective protest. Symbolic delegitimization targeted the “Brave Pink” symbol associated with civic resistance, identity delegitimization attacked the credibility of the individual through misleading personal narratives, while public polarization shifted public attention from the substantive demands of the movement toward emotional and identity-based disputes. These narrative constructions reduced citizens’ willingness to participate in public discussions, weakened freedom of expression, and distorted deliberative discourse in digital spaces. The study concludes that deepfake disinformation functions as a tool for shaping public perception and narrowing civic participation, thereby threatening civil liberties within Indonesia’s digital public sphere.
References
[1] The Economist Intelligence Unit, "Democracy Index 2024: Democracy in an Age of Conflict," Economist Intelligence Unit, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2024/
[2] Badan Pusat Statistik, "Statistik 80 Tahun Indonesia Merdeka," BPS RI, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2025/09/26/89069c5f3f244aae3b7fd913/statistik-80-tahun-indonesia-merdeka.html
[3] D. R. Indika and C. Jovita, "Media sosial Instagram sebagai sarana promosi untuk meningkatkan minat beli konsumen," Jurnal Bisnis Terapan, vol. 1, no. 01, pp. 25-32, 2017.
[4] A. Pujiono, "Media sosial sebagai media pembelajaran bagi generasi Z," Didache: Journal of Christian Education, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-19, 2021.
[5] H. J. Salim, "Survei Safer Internet Lab: Hoaks politik dan pemilu paling banyak rugikan masyarakat," Liputan6.com, Jan. 18, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.liputan6.com/cek-fakta/read/5885876/survei-safer-internet-lab-hoaks-politik-dan-pemilu-paling-banyak-rugikan-masyarakat?page=2
[6] AJI Indonesia, "Di antara literasi dan bias politik: Studi tentang tingkat kepercayaan publik terhadap media di Indonesia," Aliansi Jurnalis Independen Indonesia, 2024.
[7] APJII & Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital, "Literasi digital Indonesia: Koneksi melesat, kesadaran masih tertinggal," 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.kompasiana.com/amp/saprajie8558/6915a30534777c1d2241b4d2/literasi-digital-indonesia-koneksi-melesat-kesadaran-masih-tertinggal
[8] C. T. Noerman and A. L. Ibrahim, "Kriminalisasi deepfake di Indonesia sebagai bentuk pelindungan negara," Jurnal USM Law Review, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 603-621, 2024.
[9] B. Chesney and D. Citron, "Deep fakes: A looming challenge for privacy, democracy, and national security," California Law Review, vol. 107, 2019.
[10] Y. Mirsky and W. Lee, "The creation and detection of deepfakes: A survey," ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 1-41, 2021.
[11] S. A. Kusnadi and D. W. Putri, "Perlindungan hak privasi dalam penyalahgunaan teknologi deepfake di Indonesia," Jurnal Rechts Vinding: Media Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 195-210, 2025.
[12] KBR, "Sri Mulyani korban deepfake, bagaimana deteksi dan antisipasi video palsu?" KBR.id, Aug. 25, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://kbr.id/articles/ragam/sri-mulyani-korban-deepfake-bagaimana-deteksi-dan-antisipasi-video-palsu
[13] Kristiyenda et al., "Pencegahan kejahatan deepfake: Studi kasus terhadap modus penipuan deepfake Prabowo Subianto dalam tawaran bantuan uang," ALADALAH: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora, pp. 149-164, 2025.
[14] N. K. Ranawati, "Apa itu 17+8 tuntutan rakyat yang ramai di medsos dan maknanya," DetikJabar, Sep. 2, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.detik.com/jabar/berita/d-8092490/apa-itu-17-8-tuntutan-rakyat-yang-ramai-di-medsos-dan-maknanya
[15] Detik.com, "Potret heroik ibu jilbab pink di garis depan demo DPR, viral bawa merah putih," Aug. 29, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://wolipop.detik.com/worklife/d-8085918/potret-heroik-ibu-jilbab-pink-di-garis-depan-demo-dpr-viral-bawa-merah-putih
[16] IDN Times, "Fakta-fakta ibu jilbab pink saat demo DPR yang kembali viral," Sep. 4, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.idntimes.com/news/indonesia/fakta-fakta-ibu-jilbab-pink-saat-demo-dpr-yang-kembali-viral-00-f48mr-klhnj3
[17] M. Nurhadi, "Video ibu jilbab pink maki-maki Prabowo dan minta Anies jadi presiden deepfake," Suara.com, Sep. 4, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.suara.com/tekno/2025/09/04/212326/video-ibu-jilbab-pink-maki-maki-prabowo-dan-minta-anies-jadi-presiden-deepfake
[18] Tribunnewsmaker.com, "Sosok keponakan ibu jilbab pink di demo DPR, ternyata polisi, kini minta maaf ke teman seprofesi," Sep. 8, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://newsmaker.tribunnews.com/viral/164765/sosok-keponakan-ibu-jilbab-pink-di-demo-dpr-ternyata-polisi-kini-minta-maaf-ke-teman-seprofesi
[19] F. Noviandi and S. P. Anggraeni, "Terungkap video ibu jilbab pink yang viral bukan AI, keluarga: Jangan terprovokasi," Suara.com, Sep. 6, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.suara.com/news/2025/09/06/134339/terungkap-video-ibu-jilbab-pink-yang-viral-bukan-ai-keluarga-jangan-terprovokasi
[20] F. I. M. Daeni, F. A. Rachmarani, and I. Rhiza, "Pengaruh buzzer politik dalam pemilu: Tantangan terhadap electoral justice dalam mempertahankan prinsip demokrasi," Padjadjaran Law Review, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 183-200, 2023.
[21] T. Rizal, "Budi Arie: 92 persen kegaduhan ruang digital ulah buzzer," BeritaSatu, Mar. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.beritasatu.com/nasional/2806057/budi-arie-92-persen-kegaduhan-ruang-digital-ulah-buzzer
[22] D. Yulianti and Zulfebriges, "Aktivitas buzzer di Instagram dalam promosi MD Clinic," in Prosiding Manajemen Komunikasi, vol. 4, no. 2, 2018.
[23] S. Bradshaw and P. N. Howard, "The global disinformation order: 2019 global inventory of organised social media manipulation," Comprop, no. 24, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/09/CyberTroop-Report19.pdf
[24] R. Kurniawan, R. Y. Muliana, F. Maesaroh, M. I. Nurcahyo, and A. J. Kusuma, "Buzzer media sosial dan pembentukan perspektif pemilih millenial dalam pemilu 2019," Jurnal Politik Walisongo, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 54-72, 2021.
[25] M. Miqdad, "Literature review: Buzzer politik dan pengembangan opini di media sosial di Indonesia," NeoRespublica: Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 689-698, 2024.
[26] Z. Tufekci, Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017.
[27] J. Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Great Britain: Polity Press, 1989.
[28] M. A. Nagara, "Deepfake dan distorsi ruang publik digital: Analisis teori public sphere Jurgen Habermas," Jurnal Komunikasi & Media Digital, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 44-52, 2025.
[29] C. Wardle and H. Derakhshan, "Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking," Council of Europe, vol. 27, pp. 1-107, 2017.
[30] T. H. Marshall, Citizenship and Social Class, and Other Essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
[31] J. W. Creswell and J. D. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2017.
[32] R. V. Kozinets, Netnography: The Essential Guide to Qualitative Social Media Research, 3rd ed. London: SAGE Publications, 2020.
[33] M. B. Miles, A. M. Huberman, and J. Saldana, Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook, 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2014.
[34] B. Arianto, "Salah kaprah ihwal buzzer: Analisis percakapan warganet di media sosial," JIIP: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pemerintahan, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-20, 2020.
[35] R. Camil, N. H. Attamimi, and K. Esti, "Dibalik fenomena buzzer: Memahami lanskap industri dan pengaruh buzzer di Indonesia," Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-30, 2017.
[36] M. Pawelec, "Deepfakes and democracy (theory): How synthetic audio-visual media for disinformation and hate speech threaten core democratic functions," Digital Society: Ethics, Socio-Legal and Governance of Digital Technology, vol. 1, no. 2, p. 19, 2022.
[37] Wijayanto and W. Berenschot, Eds., Pasukan Siber: Politik Buzzer di Indonesia. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia, 2021.
[38] E. Noelle-Neumann, "The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion," Journal of Communication, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 43-51, 1974.
[39] E. Kusuma, "Kebebasan berpendapat dan kaitannya dengan hak asasi manusia (HAM)," Sanskara Hukum Dan HAM, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 97-101, 2023.
[40] M. I. Pratama, A. Rahman, and F. Bachmid, "Kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi di media sosial dalam perspektif hak asasi manusia," Qawanin Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-16, 2022.
[41] H. P. Wiratraman, "Kebebasan sipil dan politik hukum di era pemanipulasian," Pusat Studi Hukum dan Kebijakan Indonesia, Jul. 26, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.pshk.or.id/aktivitas/kebebasan-sipil-dan-politik-hukum-di-era-pemanipulasian/
[42] L. Nasution, "Hak kebebasan berpendapat dan berekspresi dalam ruang publik di era digital," Adalah, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 37-48, 2020.
[43] K. N. Hampton, L. Rainie, W. Lu, M. Dwyer, I. Shin, and K. Purcell, “Social media and the spiral of silence,” Pew Research Center, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/08/26/social-media-and-the-spiral-of-silence/
[44] K. Nisa, “Peran literasi di era digital dalam menghadapi hoaks dan disinformasi di media sosial,” Impressive: Journal of Education, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-11, 2024.
